# Claim 证据矩阵

本页按具体观察记录 `verified`、`inferred` 和 `needs confirmation`。状态只约束该条观察，不能自动推广到整篇论文、技术路线或产品疗效。

# Evidence Matrix

Updated from 130 deep-reviewed local sources on 2026-07-22. Only observations supported by complete paper cards are `verified`; the other 0 classified sources remain `needs confirmation`.

| Theme | Claim | Status | Paper IDs | Boundary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| China insomnia guideline | The 2025 Chinese Sleep Research Society guideline places CBT-I first-line and physical neuromodulation as adjunctive treatment. | verified as guideline recommendation | G001 | A guideline recommendation is not primary proof of mechanism, efficacy or product readiness. |
| China guideline comparison | rTMS, tES and taVNS recommendation wording differs between the 2023 and 2025 guidelines. | verified | G001, G002 | Issuing bodies, evidence windows, grading systems and intervention groupings differ; this is not a head-to-head effect ranking. |
| Precision framework | Neuromodulation routes can be compared across spatial/temporal resolution, cell specificity, biosafety, depth and clinical feasibility. | verified as review framework | R001 | The six dimensions are author-selected and not a validated weighted score. |
| Product ranking | A single ordering from tDCS through TMS establishes universal implementation difficulty or business priority. | verified as unsupported | R001 | Difficulty is dimension- and use-case-specific; the review reports no validated scalar ranking. |
| Closed-loop auditory | Up-state-timed pink-noise clicks can amplify immediate slow oscillations and spindle activity in a small healthy sample. | verified | A001 | Silent sham, `n = 11`, and later replication questions limit generalization. |
| Closed-loop auditory physiology | Phase-targeted sound can increase SO measures without increasing SWS duration. | verified | A002 | Fourteen young healthy men; the effect was limited to the stimulation window. |
| Closed-loop auditory immune claims | CLAS has established functional immune or infection-prevention benefit. | verified as unsupported | A002 | Only acute hormones and circulating T/B-cell counts were measured; redistribution and benefit were not directly tested. |
| Home CLAS execution | An integrated dry-EEG headband can gate on N3 and target SO phase at home, but execution is imperfect and must be reported as a yield funnel. | verified | A003 | Selected usable nights; sensitivity 0.70, 13.9% of events outside PSG-scored N3, phase SD 52 degrees. |
| Home CLAS outcomes | A large post-click delta response establishes whole-night sleep improvement or treatment benefit. | verified as unsupported | A003 | The event window includes auditory evoked activity and no sleep, cognition, symptom, or health benefit was tested. |
| CLAS net sleep effect | A protocol can evoke SOs and SO-coupled spindles while worsening sleep continuity and reducing N3. | verified | A006 | Healthy young afternoon naps; fixed-delay sound reduced TST/efficiency and increased fragmentation/WASO. |
| CLAS procedural memory | Fixed-delay upstate CLAS improves motor-sequence consolidation. | verified as unsupported | A006 | All conditions improved similarly; condition effect `p=.95` despite acute oscillatory target engagement. |
| CLAS state dependence | SO phase and concurrent sigma state influence whether sound evokes an SO or spindle. | verified | A006 | Post hoc comparison of successful versus unsuccessful events; prospective dual-state gating was not tested. |
| CLAS response prediction | Pre-click SO morphology, click-time voltage and spindle history predict extreme post-click scalp responses above chance. | verified | A009 | Retrospective random forest on extreme quartiles; 21-person source cohort, 19/16 retained for model outcomes. |
| Adaptive CLAS efficacy | Online classifier-gated clicks improve sleep, memory or arousal burden. | needs confirmation | A009 | Classifier was never deployed prospectively; no outcome comparison was performed. |
| Automated SWS suppression | Topography-gated randomized pink-noise bursts can reduce SWS and cumulative slow-wave energy without reducing total sleep time. | verified | A010 | Fifteen healthy young adults, one active night; N2 increased, REM fell, and this was sleep disruption rather than sleep improvement. |
| CLAS outcome hierarchy | Preserved total sleep time is sufficient evidence that an auditory controller preserves sleep physiology and next-day function. | verified as unsupported | A010 | SWS, REM, SWA and SWE fell, waking theta changed, and PVT data were available for only 10 participants. |
| CLAS clinical suppression | Automated SWS suppression is an established antidepressant or other clinical treatment. | verified as unsupported | A010 | Clinical use was future-facing discussion; no patients, repeated course or symptom endpoint were tested. |
| CLAS behavioral replication | Event-locked SO/spindle enhancement is sufficient to improve declarative or spatial memory. | verified as unsupported | A007 | Null across a 12-person nap experiment and a 19-person overnight double-blind replication; small benefits remain possible. |
| CLAS task boundary | Up-state double-click stimulation improves overnight retention of semantically unrelated word pairs. | verified as unsupported | A012 | Twelve young men; physiology was engaged, but the memory interaction was nonsignificant and numerically favored sham. |
| CLAS semantic moderator | Semantic incongruence has been causally established as the reason CLAS fails to improve some memories. | verified as unsupported | A012 | Related and unrelated pairs were not compared within the same task and sample. |
| CLAS local state | A single scalp up-state reliably means auditory and orbitofrontal tissue are simultaneously in the same local up-state. | verified as unsupported | A015 | In five-person EEG/MEG data, only about 10%-15% of source-estimated local phases aligned within +/-pi/6 of the scalp event. |
| CLAS pathway | Ventral frontal local state may better predict the late sound-evoked slow response than auditory-cortex state. | inferred | A015 | Open-loop, offline, source-model-dependent analysis in five participants; no prospective controller test. |
| CLAS terminology | A paper motivated by closed-loop stimulation necessarily tests a closed-loop controller. | verified as unsupported | A015 | Sounds were delivered continuously every 2.8-3.0 s; state stratification was offline. |
| CLAS metabolic outcome | One night of narrowband slow-oscillation enhancement improves next-morning glucose regulation, energy expenditure or food intake in healthy men. | verified as unsupported | A018 | Physiology engaged but direct metabolic endpoints were null; outcome samples were 14-16. |
| CLAS surrogate validity | Increased slow-oscillation power can serve as a surrogate for metabolic benefit. | verified as unsupported | A018 | EEG increased about 9.8% without a significant physiology-metabolic correlation or outcome benefit. |
| CLAS physiology scale | Event-locked SO/spindle amplitude necessarily increases total-night SO amount. | verified as unsupported | A007 | Acute trains increased, while total SO number/amplitude/slope did not differ across nights. |
| Closed-loop auditory | CLAS reliably improves memory or treats insomnia. | needs confirmation | A001, A004, A006, A007 | A001 was positive; A006/A007 were behaviorally null and A004 was an under-delivered insomnia pilot. |
| Insomnia CLAS | Controller execution and delivered event count are primary translational outcomes. | verified | A004 | Only 7/17 analyzed completers received at least 50 stimuli. |
| Multi-state CLAS | Spindle phase modifies the spindle response to slow-wave-targeted clicks. | verified | A016 | Phase was classified offline; a prospective dual-phase controller was not tested. |
| Modern tDCS foundation | A motor-cortex-to-contralateral-orbit DC circuit altered TMS-MEP amplitude according to pad polarity, montage, duration and current. | verified | E006 | Four small repeated-measures experiments; most participants sensed currents above 0.4 mA and no conventional sham was used. |
| tDCS polarity rule | Anodal stimulation universally excites and cathodal stimulation universally inhibits the brain. | verified as unsupported | E006 | The result was specific to a motor montage, TMS-MEP endpoint and tested dose/state; neuronal geometry and alternative pathways were unresolved. |
| tDCS focal mechanism | The foundational MEP experiment directly established focal cortical polarization as the mechanism. | verified as unsupported | E006 | No intracranial field, spatial neural recording or peripheral-pathway control; the authors called cortex most likely and could not fully exclude spinal contribution. |
| Conventional tDCS safety | More than 33,200 sessions within the review's conventional range had no reported causally linked serious adverse effect under its narrow definition. | verified | E007 | Evidence current to 2016, heterogeneous reporting and follow-up; common sensations, erythema and transient effects were outside the endpoint. |
| tDCS safety bounds | `<=4 mA`, `<=40 min` or `<=7.2 C` are universal recommended safety thresholds. | verified as unsupported | E007 | These were historical corpus inclusion bounds; the review explicitly was not a guideline and full montage/contact/anatomy matter. |
| Cross-waveform safety | Conventional tDCS exposure establishes safety of tACS, tRNS, TI, CES devices or unsupervised home stimulation. | verified as unsupported | E007 | Reversing/pulsed waveforms and uncontrolled/product contexts were outside the paper's definition. |
| Complete electrical dose | Electrode geometry, contact medium, every channel/position, placement drift, current and duration jointly define a reproducible tES intervention. | verified as technical-guide conclusion | E021 | Narrative 2016 guide; protocol-specific quantitative effects remain dependent on cited primary studies. |
| Return electrode | A reference/return electrode is electrically and physiologically inactive. | verified as unsupported | E021 | Current must complete a circuit; all electrode regions and intervening peripheral/brain tissue can receive field. |
| HD-tES focality | Using small or center-surround electrodes proves selective recruitment of one cortical target. | verified as unsupported | E021 | HD reshapes the field; off-target tissue, orientation and target engagement still require modeling and measurement. |
| tRNS mechanism | tRNS is a single established stochastic-resonance mechanism. | verified as unsupported | E021 | The guide reports sparse studies and competing temporal-summation, ion-channel and stochastic-resonance hypotheses. |
| Early tACS state dependence | Occipital-vertex AC phosphene frequency shifted from beta-range in light to alpha-range in darkness. | verified | H002 | Rating `n=8`, threshold `n=4`; brief subjective experiments with no no-current sham. |
| Early tACS cortical entrainment | Frequency-dependent phosphenes directly prove visual-cortex oscillatory entrainment. | verified as unsupported | H002 | No EEG or cortical target-engagement measurement and no retinal/eye active control. |
| Electrical entry path | An occipital electrode label is sufficient to establish that a visual tACS effect originated in cortex rather than retina or peripheral pathways. | verified as unsupported | H002 | All drawn phosphenes were peripheral; field and recruited structure were not independently measured. |
| Online tACS-EEG | A two-step template/PCA pipeline recovered posterior alpha power and phase metrics associated with 10 Hz tACS. | verified | E024 | Fourteen participants, sham always first, and validation added an ideal sine to sham rather than reproducing every real nonstationary artifact. |
| Direct tACS entrainment | The E024 online EEG result conclusively proves direct cortical entrainment. | inferred | E024 | Same-frequency signal/artifact separation and retinal/cutaneous routes were not independently resolved. |
| tACS phase behavior | Visual detection clearly cycled sinusoidally with 10 Hz stimulation phase. | verified as unsupported | E024 | A condition x phase interaction occurred, but no phase main effect or authors' “unequivocal” phasic cycling was found. |
| Concurrent tACS-EEG | SMA and adaptive filtering recovered a known replayed EEG source from a head phantom under 5-40 Hz tACS, with all reconstruction SNRs above 6 dB. | verified | E008 | Single-source phantom without nonlinear physiological/contact artifacts; acquisition first relied on avoiding amplifier saturation. |
| Same-frequency EEG | A cleaned spectral component at the tACS frequency can be assumed to be neural. | verified as unsupported | E008 | Periodic template/comb filtering can remove genuine phase-locked activity, and human recordings have no neural ground truth. |
| Closed-loop readiness | Fast offline artifact removal by itself establishes a validated closed-loop tACS system. | verified as unsupported | E008 | No sensing-to-stimulation controller was run; AF left a visible 40 Hz residual and nonlinear artifacts were outside scope. |
| Same-frequency source separation | SASS recovered single-trial amplitude and flicker-relative phase of a 10 Hz SSVEP during 10 Hz-envelope AM-tACS. | verified | E009 | Six analyzed participants; visual response and artifact were intentionally phase-independent, and baseline preceded active stimulation. |
| Entrained-signal preservation | A covariance component that appears only during tACS can be safely labeled artifact. | verified as unsupported | E009 | Genuine stimulation-entrained activity may change on-stimulation covariance and be attenuated by SASS. |
| Adaptive tACS | Offline SASS establishes a complete real-time adaptive AM-tACS controller. | verified as unsupported | E009 | Full-record covariance was used; recursive updates, phase-estimator stability and parameter adaptation were proposed, not tested. |
| tACS online versus offline | Posterior alpha aftereffects can occur without phase continuity between trains or measurable phase persistence beyond 100 ms. | verified | E028 | Twelve adults, intermittent posterior protocol; no EEG during active trains and no continuous-tACS comparison. |
| tACS aftereffect mechanism | Post-tACS alpha-power increase is simply an entrained oscillation continuing for minutes after current stops. | verified as unsupported | E028 | Long-train effects centered on endogenous alpha, did not require cross-train phase continuity and had no gap PLV enhancement. |
| tACS plasticity | E028 directly demonstrated synaptic plasticity or STDP. | verified as unsupported | E028 | Plasticity was an explanatory class after echo predictions failed; synaptic strength and pharmacology were not measured. |
| tACS network resonance | A large nonlinear network model showed an Arnold-tongue locking region around its intrinsic rhythm, and sinusoidal current phase-locked multiunit firing in anesthetized ferret cortex. | verified | E027 | Model-specific 3 Hz dynamics and only two animals; animal intracranial field was not measured. |
| Human tACS resonance | Matching scalp tACS to one EEG peak guarantees efficient direct cortical entrainment in humans. | verified as unsupported | E027 | Human/intact scalp, tissue field, peripheral pathways and broad/multiple endogenous rhythms were not tested. |
| Auditory-tACS timing | Session-specific audio-tACS lag modulated the amplitude of rhythmic gap-detection behavior after within-session individual phase alignment. | verified | E030 | Thirty-seven two-session participants; no online neural measurement or active sensory control, and the optimal lag was estimated in the same data. |
| tACS phase calibration | One baseline session can identify a stable individual optimal auditory-tACS phase for later sessions. | verified as unsupported | E030 | Effect magnitude and optimal phase were both uncorrelated across sessions. |
| Individual montage superiority | fMRI/FEM-individualized auditory tACS produced stronger or consistently less variable behavioral effects than a standard montage. | verified as unsupported | E030 | No overall montage effect; only one of four condition/session variance tests was significant. |
| Field strength optimization | Increasing modeled normal field at the nominal target always improves behavior. | verified as unsupported | E030 | Exploratory association depended on field focality and distance; higher off-target field could predict worse effect. |
| Early tACS framework | Frequency, amplitude, phase, montage, state and control frequency became the core tACS design dimensions by 2013. | verified as historical review conclusion | H003 | Narrative early literature; many cited results lacked concurrent neural readout and modern peripheral controls. |
| Sinusoid specificity | A single-frequency applied sine guarantees that any behavioral effect is caused by same-frequency cortical entrainment. | verified as unsupported | H003 | Nonlinear/cross-frequency response, sensory routes, aftereffects and inadequate control frequencies remain possible. |
| AC taxonomy | EEG-range tACS, tRNS, kHz stimulation, TI and 200 kHz tumor fields form one mechanism-continuous research paradigm. | verified as unsupported | H004 | Carrier regime, waveform, spatial interference, tissue target and proposed mechanism differ. |
| Resonance framework | Weak periodic stimulation should be tested as an amplitude-frequency-state response surface with possible Arnold tongues and harmonics. | inferred mechanistic framework | H005, E027 | Strong model/preclinical rationale; prospective human boundary mapping remains absent in these sources. |
| Feedback tACS translation | Resonance theory had established tACS treatment efficacy for depression or schizophrenia by 2014. | verified as unsupported | H005 | The review explicitly presented psychiatric feedback stimulation as a future direction. |
| TI physical principle | Isolated kHz field pairs with a small frequency difference created a steerable low-frequency envelope in FEM and saline phantom. | verified | E003 | Envelope is vector/direction dependent; greater modeled depth reduced peak strength and broadened the locus. |
| TI neural demodulation | Mouse cortical and hippocampal neurons fired near a 10 Hz TI difference frequency but not under matched single-carrier stimulation. | verified | E003 | Anesthetized mice, small cell/animal samples, high skull current and artifact filtering. |
| TI deep selectivity | TI activated hippocampal c-Fos with near-zero sampled overlying cortical c-Fos under the tested montage. | verified by delayed marker | E003 | c-Fos cannot establish that all superficial populations were inactive; no simultaneous multilayer neural recording. |
| TI human translation | The 2017 mouse foundation proves safe, focal, non-invasive DBS-equivalent stimulation in humans. | verified as unsupported | E003 | No human exposure, target engagement, chronic safety or clinical endpoint; scaling and peripheral routes unresolved. |
| TI individual dose | Identical scalp TI montages produced large interindividual differences in modeled deep-target coverage across 25 heads. | verified | E018 | T1-only SimNIBS with default conductivities; 15/40 scans excluded for segmentation errors. |
| TI relative focality | The modeled TI envelope covered less off-target gray matter than the selected two-pair tACS comparison while target mean fields were similar. | verified for compared models | E018 | Total carrier field, waveform and tACS current optimization were not equivalent; not neural selectivity. |
| TI threshold | Target voxels above `.1 V/m` establish that those neurons were recruited. | verified as unsupported | E018 | `.1 V/m` was an analysis threshold; no agreed TI activation threshold or neural recording. |
| TI low-frequency artifact | MEG and 16-bit passive EEG showed carrier-difference peaks in a non-biological phantom; a tested 24-bit active EEG did not show visible peaks. | verified | E019 | Hardware/settings specific and qualitative; passive EEG used lower current. |
| TI neural readout | A low-frequency peak during TI can be labeled neural whenever raw channels show no obvious clipping. | verified as unsupported | E019 | Sub-range clamping, sampling/filter and other nonlinearities can create intermodulation without visible saturation. |
| TI phantom validation | Absence of a target-frequency peak in a phantom proves preserved human neural activity and closed-loop readiness. | verified as unsupported | E019 | No known neural source, biological/contact nonlinearity or controller was tested. |
| TI state of field | By late 2025, TI had advanced from mouse proof-of-concept to healthy-human target-region studies and small patient pilots, while mechanism, comparative focality and durable efficacy remained open. | verified as narrative synthesis | E005 | Perspective with no systematic search or evidence grading; cited primary studies carry the evidential weight. |
| TI human recruitment | Current tolerable human tTIS directly evokes deep spikes like DBS. | verified as unsupported | E005 | The Perspective describes present human fields as `<1 V/m` and subthreshold; direct suprathreshold stimulation would require substantially larger fields. |
| TI control hierarchy | Sham alone isolates the low-frequency TI envelope from continuing kHz carrier and spatial effects. | verified as unsupported | E005 | Combine sham with pure-carrier, control-difference-frequency or alternative-target active controls where feasible. |
| TI chronic readiness | More than 250 reported sessions establish multiweek, repeated home-use safety. | verified as unsupported | E005 | The Perspective notes limited repeated exposure and unresolved onset, duration, reversibility and long-term safety. |
| TI DBS equivalence | tTIS is already a non-invasive DBS equivalent in recruitment strength, precision and clinical evidence. | verified as unsupported | E005 | Human tTIS remains subthreshold and centimeter-scale, with early target-region and patient evidence rather than established therapy. |
| Post-tACS sleep | Pre-nap 5 Hz tACS altered selected NREM spectral measures without changing PSG macrostructure or subjective sleep. | verified | E002 | Healthy young afternoon nappers, one session, post-stimulation EEG; no insomnia or online-entrainment evidence. |
| Sleep tES replication | A 0.75 Hz square-wave sleep-tDCS protocol did not improve declarative memory over sham. | verified | E010 | Final `n = 12`; waveform, electrode geometry, and sham differed from the 2006 foundation protocol. |
| Closed-loop sleep tACS | Closed-loop detection and phase prediction were technically executed, but sleep tACS alone was not isolated as the cause of selective generalization effects. | verified | E011 | Active nights also included waking tDCS; overall performance was null and dose curves were exploratory. |
| Electrical dose-response | More closed-loop tACS events are not established as better; response may change direction across the night. | inferred | E011 | Event count was observational, correlated with participant state, and not randomized. |
| Physiology-behavior link | Increasing slow-wave density and slow-wave/spindle coupling does not necessarily improve memory. | verified | E012 | Healthy sleep-restricted sample in an MR simulator; high exclusion rate and no direct hippocampal measure. |
| Next-day cost | Full-night closed-loop tACS produced a next-day new-learning decrement signal. | verified | E013 | Small, unequal, single-blind secondary dataset without a pre-stimulation baseline; clinical harm is not established. |
| Sleep tES field consistency | The pre-2020 sleep-tES literature could not identify a consistent objective sleep-pattern effect or optimal protocol. | verified | E016 | Forty heterogeneous studies; no quantitative meta-analysis; later studies require separate integration. |
| Sleep tACS | Conventional low-frequency tACS directly and stably entrains human intracranial sleep spindles. | verified as unsupported | E026 | Applies to tested fields, montages, epilepsy sample, and acute endpoints. |
| Electrical dose | Conventional scalp TES produces measurable, weak, broad intracranial fields. | verified | E022, E026 | Field presence does not establish neuronal engagement, focality, or healthy-sleeper efficacy. |
| Electrical field modeling | Individual anatomy and the whole electrode circuit can predict much of the spatial variation in measured cortical and depth field projections. | verified | E023 | Ten epilepsy patients; optimized models used the measurement data for calibration and still retained localization/segmentation error. |
| Electrical dose reporting | Conventional 2 mA TES universally exposes cortex to `0.8 V/m`. | verified as unsupported | E023 | `0.8 V/m` was a selected-montage model maximum; estimated 95th-percentile dose was about `0.28 V/m` and varied with anatomy. |
| Electrical deep dose | A deep field comparable to a surface field proves selective deep-brain stimulation. | verified as unsupported | E023 | CSF-guided deep hotspots were model estimates for certain montages; cortical co-exposure and neural engagement were not excluded or measured. |
| Electrical mechanism | Peripheral nerve stimulation can be sufficient for motor entrainment and dominated the tested tACS tremor effects. | verified | E025 | Does not establish that all tACS effects, or non-motor and sleep effects, are peripheral. |
| Electrical trial validity | A 30-second sham did not adequately mask the tested 2 mA, 20-minute motor-supraorbital tDCS protocol. | verified | E029 | Protocol-specific result; it does not show every 2 mA or modern active-sham design fails. |
| Temporal Interference | A relative TI envelope can be steered within the human hippocampal region and alter task-evoked BOLD. | verified | E004 | Absolute cortical carrier fields remained larger; exclusivity and direct neural entrainment were not shown. |
| Temporal Interference | Hippocampal TI robustly improves memory. | needs confirmation | E004 | A small second experiment showed a modest task-specific effect; larger replication is required. |
| Temporal Interference | Individualized STN-region TI has a short-term randomized motor signal in Parkinson's disease. | verified | E020 | Single-session pilot, 30 participants, 60-minute follow-up, no direct STN engagement measure. |
| Human TUS audibility | A 500-kHz carrier delivered as 1-kHz rectangular 50%-duty pulses produced a trial-identifying high-pitched cue in most participants. | verified protocol-specific observation | U002 | Sixteen/eighteen reported the cue; does not establish audibility for every waveform, PRF, transducer or target. |
| Human TUS masking | A 1-kHz earphone mask reduced group discrimination to chance and removed the additional TUS-N1 difference among the 15 successfully masked participants. | verified with individual failure | U002 | Three/eighteen still discriminated active output; masked EEG excluded them and all participants received unmasked block first. |
| TUS auditory path | Coupled ex-vivo skull recordings contained PRF/harmonic peaks that disappeared when the receiver was uncoupled and during continuous-wave output. | verified ex-vivo physical observation | U002 | Incomplete air-filled skull; compatible with envelope-driven flexural vibration, not direct proof of living cochlear recruitment. |
| TUS sham adequacy | No-output, blocked-output or tilted-transducer sham automatically controls skull-coupled auditory input. | verified as unsupported | U002 | Removing ultrasound also removes the peripheral cue; sound-only or cue-matched control and participant-level blinding checks are required. |
| TUS masking inference | Chance-level group detection proves direct target-tissue neuromodulation or excludes all peripheral pathways. | verified as unsupported | U002 | U002 tested confound detection, not spatially specific neuromodulation; masking itself evokes auditory activity and somatic routes remain possible. |
| TUS confound history | A 2021 Neuro Forum commentary explicitly moved auditory pathways into interpretation of LI-tFUS motor/somatosensory results. | verified historical context | U010 | Commentary uptake, not independent experiment or replication. |
| TUS parameter ranges | A cross-study list of “excitatory” and “inhibitory” values defines causal dose windows. | verified as unsupported | U010 | Unsystematic cross-species/target/device table without dose normalization, bias appraisal or effect linkage. |
| TUS pulse equation | For ideal periodic rectangular pulses, `Ispta = Isppa x duty`. | verified definition | U010 | A complete protocol still needs carrier, pulse/train/ISI, repetitions, pressure convention, skull field and thermal state. |
| TUS thermal auditory route | Skull thermal diffusion is demonstrated to cause human auditory/off-target responses. | needs confirmation | U010 | Narrative hypothesis without new temperature or neural data. |
| Human TUS control | Auditory cues can explain online motor inhibition under audible 1 kHz pulsed TUS. | verified | U003 | Does not invalidate all TUS protocols or offline effects. |
| TUS historical safety | Thirty of 33 early safety-assessed animal/human studies did not detect harmful effects under their tested protocols. | verified historical synthesis | U004 | Mostly animal, heterogeneous tests, only through June 2019; not a human incidence or chronic-safety estimate. |
| TUS hemorrhage boundary | High temporal-average or highly repeated sonication can produce microhemorrhage in animal brain. | verified animal safety signal | U004 | Four/eight sheep after 600 sonications at calculated `Ispta 3.3 W/cm2`; one/37 rats at `Ispta 11.2 W/cm2`; human transfer unknown. |
| TUS single-index safety | Staying below an `Isppa` threshold is sufficient to define a safe protocol. | verified as unsupported | U004 | `Ispta`, MI, TI/TIC, frequency, duty, repetition, skull heating, coupling and secondary hotspots matter independently. |
| TUS diagnostic limits | Exceeding diagnostic-ultrasound `Ispta` automatically means tissue damage. | verified as unsupported | U004 | 14/20 calculable studies exceeded the soft-tissue limit without a one-to-one injury relation; case-specific thermal analysis is required. |
| TUS chronic safety | A null single-session neurological exam/MRI establishes repeated human safety. | verified as unsupported | U004 | Few early human studies, heterogeneous follow-up, incomplete questionnaire response and almost no repeated therapeutic courses. |
| TUS brain dose | Free-water acoustic output equals target and off-target intracranial dose. | verified as unsupported | U004 | Individual skull attenuation, absorption, standing waves and hotspots require model/measurement with uncertainty. |
| TUS mechanical NSR | ITRUSST considers `MI or MItc <=1.9` mechanically nonsignificant risk for 200-800-kHz TUS without cavitation nuclei and specified vulnerabilities. | verified expert consensus | U006 | NSR condition, not a significant-risk threshold, regulatory clearance or guarantee for every configuration. |
| TUS MI exceedance | MI/MItc above 1.9 automatically means cavitation or structural damage. | verified as unsupported | U006 | The consensus explicitly says exceedance does not imply significant risk; the injury threshold remains unknown. |
| TUS thermal NSR | Thermal NSR can be demonstrated by `<=2 C` rise / `<=39 C` absolute temperature, tissue-specific CEM43, or TI-by-duration conditions. | verified expert consensus | U006 | Requires correct tissue/index, validated skull/thermal estimation, cooling interval and combined MRI contribution. |
| TUS thermal metric | `Ispta` alone is the ITRUSST thermal safety criterion. | verified as unsupported | U006 | The consensus prefers temperature/CEM43/TI; Ispta remains a required exposure descriptor but is not its primary thermal NSR metric. |
| TUS population dose | One skull measurement or a uniform attenuation percentage is enough to establish conservative population MItc. | verified as unsupported | U006 | Use subject-specific or representative skull modeling/measurement with validation and explicit uncertainty. |
| TUS repeated safety | Meeting structural NSR conditions proves absence of cumulative physiological, off-target, drug-interaction or clinical effects. | verified as unsupported | U006 | These physiological safety domains are expressly outside the consensus scope. |
| TUS TI schedule | The ITRUSST TI-by-duration table is an efficacy or sleep-treatment dosing schedule. | verified as unsupported | U006 | It is a conservative structural thermal-risk boundary adapted from AIUM. |
| Human TUS histology | Selected TUNEL/H\&E/VAF light microscopy showed no definite tFUS-attributable injury in 7/8 resected temporal-lobe specimens. | verified observed | U009 | One inconclusive specimen; eight heterogeneous patients, few events, partial tissue sampling and no individual skull dose. |
| Human TUS dose safety | `Ispta.3 5.76 W/cm2` is established as a generally safe human brain threshold. | verified as unsupported | U009 | Same Ispta combined 50%-duty/low-peak and 5%-duty/high-peak protocols; no rare-event power, chronic follow-up or MItc. |
| Human TUS MI boundary | MI 2.14 is established as a new human nonsignificant-risk threshold. | needs confirmation | U006, U009 | U009's later suppression table lists 2.14, but participant-level mapping is incomplete and one histology result was inconclusive; U006 retains 1.9 as NSR. |
| TUS cognitive safety | A four-person null visuospatial test establishes cognitive safety. | verified as unsupported | U009 | Immediate RAVLT declined in the same post-hoc group; no sham and substantial fatigue/form/drug confounding. |
| TUS epilepsy efficacy | Temporal-lobe sonication reduced seizures in the U009 patient series. | verified as unsupported | U009 | Seizure control was explicitly not evaluated. |
| Human TUS landscape | By January 2022, 35 human TUS studies enrolled 677 participants and reported diverse short-term physiological, imaging, sensory and clinical observations. | verified historical map | U005 | Small heterogeneous pilots/cases; not 35 independent efficacy replications. |
| Human TUS direction | TUS has a uniform excitatory or inhibitory effect determined by one parameter. | verified as unsupported | U005 | Target, device, carrier/PRF/duty, brain state, timing and readout varied; no causal moderator synthesis. |
| Human TUS safety rate | Mild/moderate AE incidence is established as exactly `14/425` (`3.3%`). | needs confirmation | U005 | Ten studies omitted AE, definitions varied, survey participants overlapped and the discussion added 27 unpublished participants. |
| Human TUS severe AE | No severe persistent reported AE establishes rare-event and chronic safety. | needs confirmation | U005 | Early small corpus, limited repeated dosing and heterogeneous follow-up. |
| Human TUS sensory proof | Tactile/phosphene/online MEP changes prove direct target-tissue neuromodulation. | verified as unsupported | U003, U005 | Auditory/somatic pathways and control quality vary; U003 directly showed sound can explain a prominent online MEP effect. |
| tbTUS PRF | In 14-person awake M1 crossover data, 5-Hz burst repetition produced greater/longer MEP facilitation than 2 or 10 Hz at matched duty and estimated energy. | verified within-protocol comparison | U007 | Tone-burst duration changed 50/20/10 ms with PRF; audible/tactile, no sham and uniform skull attenuation. |
| tbTUS universal optimum | A 5-Hz PRF is optimal across all targets, states, devices and outcomes. | verified as unsupported | U007 | Only 2/5/10 Hz, healthy M1, one 0.5-MHz transducer and TMS outcomes. |
| tbTUS cumulative duration | Increasing sonication from 40 to 80 to 120 seconds produced a graded larger/longer MEP aftereffect. | verified within-study dose gradient | U007 | Total energy changed and no no-sonication time-drift condition was included. |
| tbTUS duty | Increasing duty from 10% to 15% increases MEP effect magnitude. | verified as unsupported | U007 | Direct 10-vs-15 comparison and duty-by-time interaction were null; only duration-above-baseline differed. |
| tbTUS mechanism | MEP/SICI/SICF changes prove synaptic LTP or a GABAergic mechanism. | needs confirmation | U007 | Indirect TMS circuit proxies; no neurotransmitter, receptor or synaptic measurement in this study. |
| tbTUS persistence | Acoustic output cessation means biological exposure has ended. | verified as unsupported | U007 | Selected MEP effects persisted 30-90 minutes, relevant to cumulative dosing and lockouts. |
| Pharmaco-tbTUS | Placebo MEP increased through 60 min and normalized MEP was lower under CBZ, dextromethorphan and nimodipine. | verified pharmacological modulation | U008 | `N=14`; no pre-drug baseline or sham-TUS-under-drug condition; general drug-state effects possible. |
| tbTUS four-drug blockade | CBZ, NDP, lorazepam and DXT all specifically blocked the tbTUS time course. | verified as overstated | U008 | Time-by-drug interaction `p=.65`; no direct placebo-LRZ difference and LRZ retained a 5-min MEP increase. |
| tbTUS NMDA-LTP | Dextromethorphan attenuation proves NMDA-dependent synaptic LTP. | inferred, needs confirmation | U008 | Pharmacological compatibility without receptor occupancy, synaptic recording or sham TUS; nonspecific excitation/inhibition shift acknowledged. |
| TUS mechanosensitive channels | Systemic CBZ/NDP blockade proves ultrasound directly opens mechanosensitive Na+/Ca channels in human cortex. | verified as unsupported | U008 | Systemic channel effects are not a local direct-gating assay. |
| Pharmaco-tbTUS circuits | SICI/ICF prove GABA/glutamate mediation in this study. | verified as unsupported | U008 | Neither paired-pulse measure showed significant time, drug or interaction effects. |
| TUS target engagement | Amygdala-region tFUS can alter active-versus-sham BOLD in a blinded within-subject study. | verified | U011 | BOLD is indirect and effects extended to adjacent/distributed regions. |
| TUS clinical efficacy | Repeated amygdala tFUS improves mood, anxiety, or trauma disorders. | needs confirmation | U011 | Symptom change came from an unblinded single-arm extension. |
| Personalized TUS planning | Individual pseudo-CT planning separated modeled M1 pressure peaks near 5 and 16 mm while matching target `Isppa` near `2.38 W/cm2`. | verified modeled observation | U012 | No actual CT, intracranial field/thermal measurement, focal-error distribution or direct recruited-layer assay. |
| TUS offline motor physiology | Continuous 500-kHz theta-burst TUS was followed by lower MEP amplitude at 5 and 30 minutes for both planned depths, whereas no-output sham was not. | verified protocol-specific physiology | U012 | Seventeen healthy participants; MEP is indirect, masking was not validated and there was no cue-matched/off-target active control. |
| TUS depth specificity | A physiological difference between superficial and deep M1 stimulation was established. | verified as unsupported | U012 | Shallow-versus-deep MEP effects did not differ at either follow-up; the evidence is model-defined depth separation plus a shared downstream readout. |
| TUS waveform direction | Continuous theta-burst TUS is universally inhibitory and intermittent theta-burst TUS cannot facilitate cortex. | verified as unsupported | U007, U008, U012 | Direction differs across devices, dose and studies; U012 tested one intermittent protocol without sham and found a null result. |
| TUS sensory exclusion | Generic white noise plus no-output sham excludes auditory and somatosensory mediation of offline TUS effects. | verified as unsupported | U002, U003, U012 | U012 did not tailor or validate masking, measure sensation/blinding, or use cue-matched sound/off-target controls. |
| TUS PRF/burst comparison | With modeled `Isppa/Ispta`, 10% duty and 120-s train matched, 10- and 100-Hz conditions had lower delayed MEPs than inactive sham whereas 1000 Hz did not. | verified within-protocol comparison | U013 | PRF also changed burst duration and count; skull-coupled/somatic cues were not actively matched. |
| TUS PRF ranking | 100 Hz was statistically superior to 10 Hz and produced a significantly longer aftereffect. | verified as unsupported | U013 | No direct 10-vs-100 contrast was reported and condition-by-time interaction was `p=.979`. |
| TUS blinding | Reporting condition guesses proves successful double blinding. | needs confirmation | U013 | No inferential blinding analysis; only 9/21 correctly identified sham, while 11-13/21 identified active sessions. |
| TUS acute symptoms | No severe or “definitely related” symptom proves repeated-course safety. | verified as unsupported | U013 | Mild/moderate symptoms occurred in active and sham conditions; model-only temperature and acute follow-up cannot establish chronic risk. |
| Deep-target tFUS/fMRI execution | A head-mounted 650-kHz transducer was geometrically aligned to left NAc during concurrent 3-T fMRI with reported projected error `0.61 +/- 1.17 mm`. | verified execution observation | U014 | Fixed 65-mm water focus and MRI axis alignment did not model individual skull propagation, focal displacement or off-target dose. |
| NAc tFUS inhibition | Left-NAc tFUS selectively and directly inhibited bilateral NAc. | needs confirmation | U014 | Five/group, indirect BOLD and `p<.05 uncorrected` map that failed multiple-comparison correction; adjacent striatum also changed. |
| Reward-network connectivity | Active-group NAc-mPFC paired `p=.046` plus sham-group null proves an active-specific connectivity increase. | verified as unsupported | U014 | No group-by-time interaction or active-versus-sham change-score test was reported. |
| Deep-target treatment | The NAc pilot supports tFUS treatment of SUD or craving. | verified as unsupported | U014 | Healthy sample with no reward behavior, craving, substance-use or clinical endpoint. |
| Human TUS execution pipeline | A complete planning chain should connect participant imaging, skull model, trajectory, target/off-target field, thermal state, water output, navigation, calibration, coupling and delivered protocol. | verified reported method | U015 | Operational SOP; each model and delivery stage still requires validation. |
| TUS error budget | Neuronavigation registration below 3 mm proves acoustic and biological targeting below 3 mm. | verified as unsupported | U014, U015 | Registration, tracker drift, skull propagation, focal extent, coupling and neural engagement are distinct error sources. |
| TUS evidence independence | U015 independently replicates U013's 100-Hz MEP result. | verified as unsupported | U013, U015 | U015 reuses U013 representative data and overstates persistence beyond the last 60-min sample. |
| TUS audio control recipe | A 250-kHz sine sampled at 48 kHz is a directly reproducible sham-masking waveform. | needs confirmation | U015 | Nyquist violation unless intentional aliasing/mixing is specified; no acoustic calibration or participant-level masking result. |
| Model-based TUS placement | Across 13 paired CT/MRI head models, skull-aware placement optimization increased modeled amygdala/thalamus target-dose sums by `8%-67%` versus line-of-sight targeting in most scenarios. | verified simulation observation | U016 | Arbitrary units, small retrospective dataset, no hydrophone/thermal/end-to-end experimental validation. |
| TUS geometric targeting | Aligning the target to a transducer's nominal water focal point is sufficient for reliable deep-brain dose. | verified as unsupported | U014, U016 | LOST ignored skull scattering and produced simulated complete misses; geometric and acoustic targeting errors differ. |
| TUS model-efficacy transfer | A modeled target-dose increase predicts an equal improvement in neuromodulation efficacy. | verified as unsupported | U016 | Neural dose-response was not measured and absolute calibration was absent. |
| TUS navigation closed loop | A 10-Hz acoustic-field navigation display is a closed-loop neural controller. | verified as unsupported | U016 | It tracks transducer geometry/precomputed fields, not brain state, response or safety feedback. |
| Deep-target TUS imaging | Right-amygdala/10-Hz and left-ErC/100-Hz composite protocols produced different target-region ASL, online BOLD and PPI maps in a 16-person randomized-order crossover. | verified reported imaging observation | U017 | Target, side, PRF and pulse width changed together; imaging is not direct neural recruitment. |
| TUS target specificity | U017 proves that anatomy, rather than waveform or laterality, caused the different target/network effects. | verified as unsupported | U017 | There was no identical-waveform target comparison, inactive sham or cue-matched active control. |
| TUS auditory exclusion | Absence of a significant auditory-cortex cluster and subjective sound report excludes auditory/somatic mediation. | verified as unsupported | U002, U003, U017 | No calibrated masking, sound-only/skull-cue control, somatic control or formal perception/blinding test was used in U017. |
| TUS exposure clocks | A 10-minute concurrent-fMRI experiment represents 10 minutes of continuous acoustic output. | verified as unsupported | U017 | Ten 30-s active blocks at 5% pulse duty imply approximately 15 s cumulative acoustic-on. |
| TUS short-term safety | No adverse event, discomfort or heightened anxiety was reported over three days after either U017 session. | verified short-term observation | U017 | Sixteen healthy adults, no thermometry/structural post-scan and no repeated course. |
| Amygdala TUS aftereffect imaging | One left-amygdala 650-kHz/10-Hz session produced active-versus-disconnected-cable-sham differences in selected post-stimulation fear-task BOLD and resting-connectivity ROI models. | verified reported imaging observation | U018 | Fifteen/group, variable denominators, geometric targeting, post-hoc model and no active sensory control. |
| Amygdala TUS objective fear | The U018 protocol reduced objective psychophysiological fear relative to sham. | verified as unsupported | U018 | SCR group interactions were null, all relevant `p>.37`. |
| Amygdala TUS anxiety | U018 established a group-level anxiety reduction. | needs confirmation | U018 | The main text reports an active-group BOLD/anxiety change correlation, not an active-versus-sham anxiety-change effect. |
| TUS within-group correlation | A significant active-group correlation and nonsignificant sham correlation prove that the correlations differ. | verified as unsupported | U018 | No group-by-association interaction/direct correlation comparison was reported. |
| TUS post-hoc model | Highest modeled average intensity in the left amygdala proves nucleus-specific neural recruitment. | verified as unsupported | U018 | Simulation is not measurement; model was post hoc and critical methods reside in an absent local supplement. |
| TUS disconnected sham | Disconnecting the transducer cable guarantees sensory matching and successful blinding. | needs confirmation | U003, U018 | Two active U018 participants felt tapping/vibration; no condition-guess test and sham removes skull-coupled cues. |
| Wearable measurement layers | Raw sensor signal, preprocessed epoch label and nightly aggregate are interchangeable evidence. | verified as unsupported | S003 | Each layer has different artifact, access, algorithm and timing boundaries. |
| Wearable trigger capability | A cloud API or 30-s stage output establishes deterministic real-time stimulation triggering. | verified as unsupported | S003-S005, S007 | Offline export/epoch agreement does not measure availability, end-to-end latency, jitter, confidence or controller behavior. |
| Wearable wake detection | High sleep sensitivity/overall accuracy establishes safe wake/arousal gating. | verified as unsupported | S003, S004, S007 | Motionless wake is commonly mislabeled; S007 wake specificity was 54.1% and wake predictive value 42%. |
| Sleep-device validation | Correlation or nonsignificant mean difference is sufficient to establish agreement. | verified as unsupported | S003-S005 | Bias, LOA, proportional error, participant-level confusion, missingness and intended-use error threshold are required. |
| Sleep sensing yield | Failed nights/epochs can be excluded without affecting device-readiness conclusions. | verified as unsupported | S004, S006, S007 | S004 retained only 30/72 nights; S006 excluded 8/33 nights and 2.1% windows; S007 selected 138/280 possible EEG episodes. |
| Dry-EEG stage gating | A five-electrode headband produced causal 30-s stage predictions with 83.5% mean accuracy against multi-scorer PSG consensus. | verified laboratory observation | S006 | Twenty-five attended nights; actual embedded output latency, home use and controller behavior were not tested. |
| Dry-EEG phase triggering | S006 validates slow-wave/spindle phase and bone-conduction closed-loop stimulation. | verified as unsupported | S006 | Only smoothed band power and stages were evaluated; audio was inactive. |
| Consumer wearable outcomes | Fitbit Versa TST/TIB/recomputed-SE had no significant mean bias in selected healthy free-living nights. | verified device/version-specific observation | S007 | Portable single-channel reference, selected episodes, wide individual/class error and no sleep-disorder sample. |
| Consumer wearable staging | Fitbit Versa stage durations were interchangeable with EEG and suitable for sleep-state control. | verified as unsupported | S007 | All stage-duration comparisons were biased; API labels were analyzed offline. |
| Ear-EEG form factor | Around-ear cEEGrid captured auditory-attention ERP and above-chance attended-side decoding in 16/20 adults. | verified awake-method observation | CONTEXT-S001 | No sleep, home or online controller; amplitude/latency differed from cap EEG and mean retained trials were 53%. |
| Ear-EEG sleep transfer | Awake auditory ERP performance validates ear EEG for sleep stage, slow-wave or spindle triggering. | verified as unsupported | CONTEXT-S001 | Every sleep biomarker and timing path requires independent overnight validation. |
| taVNS insomnia | Three randomized single-center trials reported improved patient-reported insomnia outcomes. | verified | V001, V002, V012 | Protocols and controls differed; objective sleep evidence was absent or unstable. |
| taVNS objective sleep | taVNS has established PSG-defined sleep improvement. | needs confirmation | V001, V002, V012 | V001/V012 had no objective sleep; V002 used Fitbit and the result was not robust across analysis populations. |
| taVNS control | Existing insomnia trials fully exclude sensory expectation and active-sham effects. | needs confirmation | V001, V002, V012 | V001 showed imperfect active blinding, V002 used no-current sham, and V012 did not report a location-control manipulation check. |
| taVNS anatomical entry | Human cavum conchae and cartilaginous auditory canal contain spatially heterogeneous nerve profiles and variable myelinated fractions. | verified | V004 | Six older cadaver donors; profile density does not establish in vivo electric-field dose or recruitment. |
| taVNS nerve identity | An electrode on cavum conchae or auditory canal selectively stimulates ABVN because all local profiles are vagal. | verified as unsupported | V004 | Histology was not nerve-of-origin specific; auriculotemporal, facial, glossopharyngeal and cervical afferents may coexist. |
| taVNS site optimization | The ear region with the highest nerve-profile count is proven to be the best vagal stimulation target. | inferred, needs confirmation | V004 | Fiber distance/orientation, field, threshold, sensation and central target engagement were not measured. |
| Auricular co-stimulation | Mechanical contact or vibration may recruit cutaneous auricular nerves in addition to electrical effects. | inferred anatomical mechanism | V004 | Proposed from skin-cartilage geometry; no stimulation experiment tested it. |
| taVNS central imaging | Left cymba stimulation produced a different brainstem/forebrain BOLD pattern from active left-earlobe stimulation, including a medullary cluster spatially consistent with NTS. | verified as imaging observation | V003 | Twelve participants; fixed control-first order, unequal current, no cardiac/respiratory regressors and coarse nucleus-level localization. |
| taVNS pathway identity | Cymba-versus-earlobe BOLD proves that all differential activity traveled exclusively through ABVN. | verified as unsupported | V003, V004 | No branch-selective recording/block; ear-site anatomy and BOLD localization do not identify every recruited afferent. |
| taVNS active control | Earlobe stimulation in V003 was a fully matched sham. | verified as unsupported | V003 | It was a useful active-site comparator, but site/current/order differed and sensation/blinding equivalence was not quantified. |
| taVNS post-effect | Post-stimulation BOLD persistence establishes durable cognitive or clinical benefit. | verified as unsupported | V003 | Selected regions after one long block; no behavioral, sleep or clinical endpoint. |
| tVNS reporting | A reproducible study must report device/version, every electrode/contact, full active and sham waveform/dose, timing, blinding, participant factors, adherence and adverse events. | verified consensus recommendation | V005 | Community reporting checklist; does not establish efficacy or optimal settings. |
| taVNS dose identity | The word `taVNS` plus current amplitude fully specifies biological dose. | verified as unsupported | V005 | Site, contact, control mode, pulse width, frequency, duty cycle, waveform, titration and delivered exposure all matter. |
| taVNS default protocol | `25 Hz`, `200-300 us`, `30 s on/off` is the established optimal protocol. | verified as unsupported | V005 | Common use was partly inherited from one device's limited settings; dose-response evidence remained scarce. |
| taVNS safety reporting | No adverse-event report can be interpreted as zero adverse events. | verified as unsupported | V005 | A cited review excluded 89 studies lacking safety data; ascertainment method and all events must be reported. |
| taVNS biomarker | Any HRV increase verifies successful afferent ABVN recruitment. | verified as unsupported | V005 | vmHRV evidence was heterogeneous and cardiac efferent control is not the same mechanism as auricular afferent engagement. |
| taVNS acute vmHRV | Sixteen selected healthy-person studies showed a near-zero acute taVNS-versus-sham vmHRV effect (`g=.014`, shortest interval `[-.103,.132]`, `BF01=24.678`). | verified meta-analysis | V006 | Search to July 2020; mostly left-ear acute studies; clinical, chronic and several non-specific HRV measures excluded. |
| taVNS engagement null | Null acute vmHRV proves the auricular afferent pathway was not recruited. | verified as unsupported | V006 | vmHRV is a distal cardiac efferent output linked through central and sympathetic pathways, not a direct nerve recording. |
| taVNS HRV closed loop | A wearable can optimize taVNS by maximizing HRV without separate biomarker validation. | verified as unsupported | V006 | Group-null signal, respiration/state sensitivity and afferent-efferent dissociation make HRV unsuitable as a default engagement objective. |
| taVNS pupil | `0.5 mA`, `25 Hz`, `250 us`, `30 s on/off` left-cymba stimulation did not increase resting pupil in three studies or task-evoked pupil in two. | verified | V015 | 204 participants; protocol- and paradigm-specific; pupil is indirect and no LC/pathway recording occurred. |
| taVNS pupil engagement | Null pupil response proves absent ABVN/NTS/LC recruitment. | verified as unsupported | V015 | LC-pupil mapping is not exclusive, and the study had no direct target-engagement measure. |
| taVNS sensation | Perceiving cymba stimulation above sensory threshold verifies successful vagal recruitment. | verified as unsupported | V004, V015 | Mixed auricular innervation; above-threshold subset in study 3 remained pupil/behavior null. |
| taVNS duty cycle | A `30 s on/off` device exposes every task trial to stimulation. | verified as unsupported | V015 | Approximately half of trials may occur during off periods unless exact output is synchronized and logged. |
| taVNS conventional pupil | Conventional longer/30-second taVNS protocols showed a near-zero pupil effect (`g=.002`, `BF01=21.9`). | verified meta-analysis | V014, V015 | Protocols heterogeneous; strong null persisted after outlier exclusion. |
| taVNS pulsed pupil | Event-like `<=5 s` taVNS was associated with larger short-latency pupil dilation (`g=.36`, `BF10=50.8`). | verified group-level synthesis | V014 | Few studies, possible publication bias, mostly non-low-risk and only two direct conventional/pulsed comparisons. |
| taVNS pulsed mechanism | The protocol subgroup proves pulse duration selectively recruits ABVN-NTS-LC. | verified as unsupported | V014 | Duration covaries with outcome window/device/task; pupil has vagal, nonvagal, autonomic and cognitive inputs. |
| taVNS pupil closed loop | A positive pulsed group average validates pupil as an individual closed-loop engagement signal. | verified as unsupported | V014 | Test-retest reliability, classification accuracy and prospective NTS/LC/outcome prediction were not established. |
| taVNS circadian HRV | Selected HRV measures changed more from baseline in morning than evening active-only sessions. | verified as observed | V007 | `N=24`, no sham, many endpoints and morning/evening paired changes were analyzed with an independent-samples test. |
| taVNS optimal time | Morning is established as the causal optimal taVNS phase. | needs confirmation | V007 | Natural circadian/seated drift, respiration and baseline-state effects require time-matched sham; clock time is not circadian phase. |
| taVNS duration | In a separate `N=16` active-only cohort, HRV gains did not monotonically increase across four 5-min windows. | verified as within-session trajectory | V007 | Not a randomized 10-versus-20-minute comparison and not a clinical endpoint. |
| taVNS responder prediction | Low baseline HRV prospectively identifies taVNS responders. | inferred, high bias risk | V007 | Responder defined by same change score; baseline-change coupling, regression to mean and no validation sample. |
| taVNS insomnia acute response | In an outcome-selected `N=40`, later high PSQI responders had higher during-stimulation selected HRV measures and lower SMA/SFG/cerebellar fALFF than low responders. | verified association | V011 | No sham; top 20 responders deliberately selected from 77 recruits; fixed pre/during order and no respiratory control. |
| taVNS insomnia mechanism | Lower acute sensorimotor-network fALFF is the causal mechanism of four-week insomnia improvement. | verified as unsupported | V011 | Correlational BOLD result; no selective pathway manipulation, mediation test, objective sleep or controlled treatment effect. |
| taVNS imaging prediction | Acute fALFF/HRV prospectively predicts an individual patient's taVNS response. | verified as unsupported | V011 | Outcome-conditioned extreme groups; no frozen model, threshold, cross-validation, calibration or held-out cohort. |
| taVNS V011 dose | The `20 Hz`, `0.2 ms`, `7-12 mA` cavum-concha protocol has a fully reproducible biological dose and optimal treatment time. | verified as unsupported | V011 | Electrode geometry/side, waveform detail, session duration/time, adherence and actual individual output were not reported. |
| taVNS V012 clinical | Four weeks of same-parameter left cymba/cavum stimulation improved completer PSQI (`-6.94` versus `-3.54`) and ISI more than left helix-tail stimulation. | verified randomized active-site comparison | V012 | `N=67` completers, one center, subjective outcomes, no ITT, blinding check, PSG or actigraphy. |
| taVNS V012 network | Real versus active-site treatment was followed by reduced left-insula connectivity to seven cortical/cerebellar clusters. | verified imaging observation | V012 | Cluster-correction reporting is ambiguous; BOLD FC does not identify recruited nerve or causal mediation. |
| taVNS imaging predictor | Baseline insula-visual/auditory FC is a clinically validated predictor of individual response. | needs confirmation, high leakage risk | V012 | Active `N=34`; outcome-informed ROI mask selected on the full dataset outside CV; no nested/external validation, calibration or error metrics. |
| taVNS active-site sham | Helix-tail stimulation is biologically inert and perfectly sensory matched. | needs confirmation | V012 | Same waveform at another innervated ear site is a useful active control, but recruited nerves, sensation and treatment guesses were not tested. |
| taVNS noon/evening timing | Noon plus evening stimulation is superior to bedtime or sleep-state-triggered delivery. | needs confirmation | V012 | Schedule was not randomized; timing was one component of a complete protocol package. |
| taVNS insomnia synthesis | Four heterogeneous controlled studies yielded pooled PSQI `MD=-3.60` (`I2=38%`) and ISI `MD=-5.24` (`I2=84%`). | verified low/very-low-certainty synthesis | V010 | Six-study review overall; mixed comparators/co-interventions, small k and subjective outcomes. |
| taVNS single-arm efficacy | A pooled uncontrolled ISI change of `-7.08` proves a causal treatment effect. | verified as unsupported | V010 | Two single-arm cohorts, `I2=98%`, assumed pre-post correlation and no control for expectation/natural history. |
| taVNS review mechanism | The clinical meta-analysis proves parasympathetic, thalamic, SMN or neurochemical mediation. | verified as unsupported | V010 | Mechanism discussion used external narrative citations; pooled endpoints were symptom scales. |
| taVNS review safety | Six small studies establish a robust safety profile. | needs confirmation | V010 | Incomplete AE reporting, no pooled event denominator/definitions and one study reported "low" events without detail. |
| taVNS optimal protocol | The insomnia meta-analysis identifies the best device, frequency, dose or time. | verified as unsupported | V010 | Protocols ranged 20-45 min and 4/20/25 Hz/2-kHz burst structures; no credible moderator or head-to-head timing analysis. |
| taVNS after sleep deprivation | After 24 h wakefulness, 30-min `25 Hz`, `500 us`, `30 s on/off` left-cymba stimulation produced a high-load 3-back accuracy interaction versus earlobe control in two student cohorts. | verified task-specific observation | PUBMED-36473677 | Experiment 2 active T3-vs-T2 corrected post-hoc was null; relative pattern partly reflected continued control decline. |
| taVNS vigilance | Post-deprivation taVNS generally restores arousal and vigilance. | verified as unsupported | PUBMED-36473677 | No differential PVT effect across five indices; low-load effects were not reliable. |
| taVNS cognitive persistence | The post-deprivation working-memory effect persists for at least one hour. | verified as unsupported | PUBMED-36473677 | Experiment 2 accuracy declined after the immediate test and no clean one-hour benefit remained. |
| taVNS sleep-loss mechanism | High-load accuracy proves selective ABVN-NTS-LC recruitment or NE/ACh release. | verified as unsupported | PUBMED-36473677 | Behavioral endpoints only; no EEG, imaging, autonomic, chemical or branch-specific measure. |
| taVNS sleep-loss timing | The study validates prophylactic taVNS before a night shift or treatment of insomnia. | verified as unsupported | PUBMED-36473677 | Stimulation was delivered after 24 h deprivation; participants with elevated insomnia/sleep-quality scores were excluded. |
| taVNS parameter prevalence | Across a 154-paper narrative map, 25 Hz and 200-300 us were the most common parameter conventions; left cymba was the dominant active site. | verified usage distribution | CONTEXT-V001 | Counts include multiple settings per paper and were not linked to comparative effect sizes; common does not mean optimal. |
| taVNS safety corpus | No serious event attributed in the included reports establishes general long-term safety. | needs confirmation | CONTEXT-V001 | 76/139 healthy papers omitted AE and nine more were unclassifiable; stroke/PD evidence comprised only 15 papers. |
| taVNS biomarker landscape | HRV, pupil and salivary alpha-amylase are universal engagement markers. | verified as unsupported | CONTEXT-V001, V006, V014, V015 | Narrative review documented conflicting endpoints; controlled syntheses show protocol dependence or nulls and none is branch-specific. |
| taVNS stroke synergy | Combining taVNS with rehabilitation or tDCS proves synergistic biology. | needs confirmation | CONTEXT-V001 | Most studies lacked complete factorial arms and prespecified interaction tests; added benefit is not synergy. |
| taVNS cross-indication transfer | Healthy/stroke/PD parameter use validates the same dose for insomnia. | verified as unsupported | CONTEXT-V001 | Different populations, endpoints, co-interventions and schedules; primary insomnia was not synthesized. |
| Cervical VNS sensor concept | PEP and PPG-amplitude trends differed descriptively between three active and three sham GammaCore participants. | verified descriptive | V016 | Cervical, not auricular; no inference, reference target engagement or independent validation. |
| Closed-loop definition | Offline cardiovascular feature extraction constitutes a tested closed-loop VNS controller. | verified as unsupported | V016 | No online detector, threshold, latency, adaptive policy, physiological safety gate or prospective controller trial. |
| Concurrent VNS sensing | Any cardiovascular sensor can be used during stimulation without artifact validation. | verified as unsupported | V016 | 25 Hz stimulation corrupted ICG; SCG/ECG/PPG preservation was not independently validated. |
| VNS route transfer | GammaCore cervical findings validate auricular ABVN recruitment or taVNS sleep mechanisms. | verified as unsupported | V016 | Entry anatomy, field, recruited fibers, dose and off-target neck structures differ. |
| Research direction | EEG plus CLAS is the most informative first prototype for testing a complete sleep control loop. | inferred | A001, A003, A004, A006, A007, A009, A010, A016 | Research prioritization, not a treatment or product-efficacy conclusion. |
| Clinical direction | taVNS is the nearer-term patient route, while TI and tFUS remain target-engagement platforms. | inferred | E004, E020, U011, V001, V002 | Relative prioritization from current deep-reviewed evidence; it may change after the next review batch. |
| Closed-loop specification | A reproducible closed loop must specify sensor, feature/event, rule, feature window, actuation latency, actuator, ramp, lockout/refractory behavior and fallback. | verified method synthesis | C001-C004, C006-C008 | Implanted references define the method; non-invasive implementations require route-specific validation. |
| Closed-loop timing | A fixed delay is a minor engineering detail that can be omitted. | verified as unsupported | C001, C002, C006, C007 | Delay/window determines biological timing; C001 configurations changed benefit direction, while C002's 30-40-ms actuation delay followed 400-ms smoothing. |
| Closed-loop universality | Closed-loop stimulation is inherently superior to open loop. | verified as unsupported | C001, C002, C008 | Benefit depended on signal, timing and policy; C001 included a feedback configuration that worsened akinesia and C008 reported heterogeneous outcomes/reversion. |
| Adaptive definition | Threshold-responsive stimulation is necessarily online learning or self-optimization. | verified as unsupported | C002, C003, C006-C008 | Bands, thresholds and dose bounds were fixed or clinician-retuned; autonomous learning remained prospective. |
| Timing-matched control | Lower duty cycle or irregular timing alone explains state-triggered benefit. | verified as unsupported | C001, C002 | Prior-signal replay and time-matched random intermittent controls were inferior to online state-coupled policies. |
| Control proxy | A neural biomarker is identical to the clinical state it predicts. | verified as unsupported | C002, C003, C006-C008 | Beta/spectral features are proxies affected by medication, movement, stimulation, circadian state, sleep and artifacts. |
| Latency accounting | Threshold-to-output delay alone is end-to-end controller latency. | verified as unsupported | C001-C003, C006 | Feature windows, smoothing, minimum crossing duration, ramp and blanking also contribute. |
| Multi-timescale control | Sleep mode, slow clinical state and fast neural events should be handled by one threshold and one time constant. | verified as unsupported | C003, C006, C007 | Independent/supervisory controllers are needed because processes evolve from milliseconds to hours. |
| Sleep-aware aDBS | A cortical spectral detector gated implanted PD therapy into a constant sleep mode over 47 home days. | verified feasibility | C006 | Four patients/six hemispheres; binary proxy labels, no PSG staging or sleep-efficacy endpoint. |
| Sleep detector validity | C006 provides PSG-validated N1/N2/N3/REM or slow-wave phase detection. | verified as unsupported | C006 | Reference labels were 30-min diary and PKG proxies; controller was binary wake/sleep. |
| Sleep-control transfer | Implanted sleep-aware DBS validates scalp/wearable sleep triggering or non-invasive sleep benefit. | verified as unsupported | C006, C007 | Signal geometry, reference labels, actuator and objective differ. |
| Artifact feedback | High detected biomarker power can always be treated as neural worsening. | verified as unsupported | C003, C008 | ECG, movement, cable and stimulation artifacts can self-trigger dose changes and create positive feedback. |
| Home calibration | A short clinic recording is sufficient to lock chronic thresholds. | verified as unsupported | C003, C006, C008 | Home distributions, multi-day drift, sleep and medication materially changed signals and thresholds. |
| Sensor-actuator co-design | The best sensing contact is automatically the best stimulation contact. | verified as unsupported | C003, C008 | Artifact rejection and therapy field can conflict; C008 used unilateral sensing in 4/8 patients. |
| Detector performance | Clinical improvement proves event-level detector sensitivity, specificity and false-trigger burden. | verified as unsupported | C004 | RNS improved seizure outcome, but event-level detection metrics and latency were not reported. |
| Chronic responsive efficacy | Patient-specific ECoG-responsive focal stimulation reduced seizure frequency versus sham in a pivotal implanted trial. | verified | C004 | Epilepsy-specific implant and detector; cannot establish sleep or non-invasive efficacy. |
| Event-paired stimulation | Therapist-triggered implanted VNS paired with movement repetitions improved stroke rehabilitation outcomes versus sham-paired rehabilitation. | verified | C005 | Combined clinic/home implanted intervention; mechanism and non-invasive recruitment do not transfer directly. |
| Human-in-the-loop control | A therapist-timed event-paired protocol is an autonomous neural closed loop. | verified as unsupported | C005 | The therapist supplied event detection/timing; home mode was magnet initiated. |
| VNS route equivalence | Implanted cervical VNS parameters/effect validate taVNS recruitment or efficacy. | verified as unsupported | C005 | Authors explicitly state non-invasive recruitment equivalence, optimal site and task-plasticity parameters are unclear. |
| Chronic programming burden | Commercial dual-threshold aDBS can be deployed without repeated expert programming. | verified as unsupported | C008 | Mean 7.8 visits; one patient stopped during setup and signal/threshold/dose failures were common. |
| Controller correctness | A controller that changes output in response to its feature is necessarily clinically correct. | verified as unsupported | C008 | Symptoms can persist despite adaptation; thresholds and stimulation bounds solve different problems. |
| Non-invasive transfer | Implanted closed-loop references establish efficacy of EEG+sound, tES, taVNS or TUS sleep controllers. | verified as unsupported | C001-C008 | They transfer design principles only; field/pathway, sensing, sham, safety and sleep outcomes remain route-specific. |
| Forehead sensation route | Forehead-inclusive tES montages more often produced visual sensation, while somatic sensation occurred across frequencies and positions. | verified protocol-specific observation | ENG-01 | Short `500 ms` charge-balanced sine stimuli with conventional gel/metal contacts; not a textile or sleep protocol. |
| Forehead cortical inference | Feeling stimulation on the forehead proves direct prefrontal cortical engagement. | verified as unsupported | ENG-01 | Sensation location followed electrode/organ proximity; peripheral receptors, retina and cranial nerves can explain the report. |
| kHz AC sensation | Increasing AC carrier frequency reduced cutaneous sensation, and `2 kHz` AM sine at `0.5-2 mA peak-to-peak` was nearly imperceptible on average in the tested forearm protocol. | verified protocol-specific observation | ENG-02 | Does not transfer directly to a `2 kHz` square, `100 Hz` packet, `2.8-6.6 mA` forehead textile waveform. |
| Square-wave comfort | A high-frequency or amplitude-modulated square waveform is inherently less perceptible than a conventional sinusoid. | verified as unsupported | ENG-02 | Biphasic square and AM waveforms did not beat the unmodulated sinusoid at matched tested settings. |
| High-current target engagement | `5-10 mA peak-to-baseline`, `5 kHz` eTBS produced reliable sham-controlled M1 excitability change. | verified as unsupported | ENG-03 | No protocol produced a reliable overall MEP effect versus sham; individual responses were highly variable. |
| kHz burst tolerability | Some supervised participants tolerated short `5-10 mA` kHz bursts with large gel electrodes and reported mainly mild sensations. | verified small-sample observation | ENG-03 | Not a safety threshold, forehead textile validation, repeated treatment or sleep/home-use result. |
| Dry textile discomfort | In the tested `6 x 4 cm` lower-leg interface, dry textile produced lower sensory and pain thresholds than the same textile wetted with water or a hydrogel electrode. | verified construction- and site-specific observation | ENG-05 | `30 Hz`, `200 microsecond` monophasic pulses over tibialis anterior; the narrative and Table 3 report slightly different dry-textile threshold values. |
| Wet textile comparison | Wetting the tested textile reduced `1 kHz` impedance from about `4.72 kOhm` to `0.95 kOhm` and made threshold/comfort behavior more similar to hydrogel. | verified construction-specific observation | ENG-05 | Pure-water wetting of a lower-leg electrode; no forehead, drying-time, sleep, repeated-use or cranial target-engagement test. |
| Textile local hotspots | A simplified FEM associated dry-textile thread-level field-gradient hot spots with stronger superficial pain-fiber activation. | inferred mechanism compatible with human sensation | ENG-05 | Simplified resistive layered model without direct nerve recording; interface capacitance and complex fiber geometry were omitted. |
| Textile moisture | In one `3 x 3 cm` silver-yarn knitted construction, as little as `5 microL` NaCl solution materially reduced area-normalized skin-electrode impedance. | verified construction-specific observation | ENG-06 | One participant's forearm; impedance rather than sensation, heat, injury or delivered therapeutic dose. |
| Textile drying | With `20 microL` electrolyte, impedance drift showed signs of drying after about 12 min and approached the dry range after roughly 32 min. | verified construction-specific observation | ENG-06 | Depends on material, pressure, environment and site; forehead/sleep retention must be measured directly. |
| Textile dose transfer | Limb textile-electrode studies identify the optimal forehead current and electrolyte volume. | verified as unsupported | ENG-05, ENG-06 | Anatomy, material, pressure, montage, waveform and endpoint differ; product-specific factorial validation is required. |
| tRNS foundation | `1 mA peak-to-peak`, `0.1-640 Hz`, 10-min M1-orbit tRNS increased MEPs for up to 60 min in the foundational protocol. | verified protocol-specific observation | TRNS-01 | Multiple small overlapping substudies; no brain-field or peripheral-path control. |
| tRNS frequency | In a 12-person comparison, `101-640 Hz` showed an excitability condition effect while `0.1-100 Hz` did not. | verified small-sample comparison | TRNS-01 | No significant condition-by-time interaction; does not set a universal cutoff. |
| tRNS state | Cognitive activity and target-muscle contraction during stimulation reduced the passive-state MEP aftereffect. | verified state interaction | TRNS-01 | Small task arms; not a sleep-state experiment. |
| tRNS pharmacology | Carbamazepine curtailed the MEP aftereffect and lorazepam produced a borderline time interaction; tested NMDA/dopamine agents were null. | verified pilot observations | TRNS-02 | Eight healthy men, single drug doses and multiple comparisons; receptor independence is not established. |
| tRNS mechanism map | Acute stochastic-resonance-like effects and offline plasticity/aftereffects are distinct hypotheses. | verified as scoping-review framework | TRNS-03 | Review was not preregistered and had no risk-of-bias grading. |
| tRNS dose | In a visual near-threshold task, 1 mA shifted the external-noise performance peak while 2 mA produced no clear peak. | verified secondary dose-pattern observation | TRNS-04 | Full stimulation-by-noise interaction was null; no neural recording. |
| tRNS resting EEG | `0-500 Hz`, `1 mA peak-to-peak`, 20-min fronto-occipital tRNS did not produce group-specific theta/alpha/beta/gamma power or Fz-Oz coherence aftereffects. | verified protocol-specific null | TRNS-05 | Between-group young sample, unconventional montage, eyes-closed data excluded and no online/task arm. |
| tRNS entrainment | Random noise is a frequency-specific cortical entrainment method analogous to single-frequency tACS. | verified as unsupported | TRNS-03, TRNS-05 | Broadband waveform and null resting-band result do not establish targeted rhythmic entrainment. |
| tES safety range | The 2026 guideline defines conventional low-intensity evidence around total `<=4 mA`, `<=60 min/session`, `1-100 cm2` and `0-10 kHz`. | verified as guideline convention | TRNS-06 | These are not absolute biological safety thresholds or device-specific approval. |
| tES safety corpus | Over 300,000 summarized sessions contained no reported tES-related serious AE; mild sensations/headache/fatigue were common. | verified as guideline synthesis | TRNS-06 | Heterogeneous ascertainment and narrative expert process; does not prove zero risk or unlimited chronic/home safety. |
| tRNS sleep | Motor/visual tRNS mechanisms establish insomnia treatment efficacy. | verified as unsupported | TRNS-01-TRNS-05 | No direct patient-sleep or whole-night outcome in B11. |
| HD-tES category | HD-tES is a new waveform parallel to tDCS, tACS and tRNS. | verified as unsupported | HD-01-HD-03 | HD describes multi-electrode spatial delivery; DC, AC, noise or pulses can use an HD montage. |
| HD modeled focality | In a gyri-resolved model, a 4x1 ring constrained relative high field within the center-return perimeter more than conventional pads. | verified model output | HD-01 | Single anatomy and unequal total current (`2 mA` ring versus `1 mA` pads); no physiology or outcome. |
| HD anatomy | Skull/CSF/cortical geometry and conductivity shape field hotspots and predicted inter-individual dose. | verified model observation | HD-01, HD-02 | Model assumptions and limited in-vivo validation; not a patient-level response rule. |
| HD human penetration | Suprathreshold 4x1 TES elicited MEPs and spatial response decay broadly matched individualized models. | verified small-sample physiology | HD-02 | Three adults and `50 us`, approximately `709-1738 mA` pulses; not therapeutic weak DC. |
| HD DC validation | HD-02 directly proves the spatial physiology of `1 mA` HD-tDCS. | verified as unsupported | HD-02 | Low-intensity DC field was modeled; direct physiology used high-voltage suprathreshold pulses. |
| HD hardware dose | Per-channel current/contact, center polarity, gel bridging, return balance and ring radius are part of delivered HD dose. | verified methods conclusion | HD-03 | Hardware-specific protocol; efficacy and safety claims cited secondary studies. |
| HD state dependence | Matched-current conventional and HD montages produced different baseline-dependent post-EEG patterns. | verified protocol-specific observation | HD-04 | Conditional quartile contrasts in 30 healthy adults; no in-vivo field or causal source localization. |
| HD behavioral superiority | HD-tDCS improved healthy motor behavior more than conventional tDCS and sham. | verified as unsupported | HD-04 | Pairwise overall finger-tapping differences were not significant; Pegboard was null and HD trend was `p=0.068`. |
| HD stroke comparison | HD and conventional tDCS produced comparable four-week upper-limb/ADL effects during shared rehabilitation. | verified pilot comparison | HD-06 | Small single-center trial, no target engagement, brief sham and multiple co-interventions. |
| HD clinical superiority | More focal modeled fields guarantee better clinical outcomes. | verified as unsupported | HD-01, HD-04, HD-06 | Model focality, physiological specificity and clinical benefit are separate evidence levels; HD and conventional did not differ at four weeks. |
| HD sleep pilot | Two-week daytime F3 HD-tDCS was associated with a PSQI sleep-duration component and awake DMN-subcortical connectivity change. | verified pilot observation | HD-05 | Waiting-list control, no sham/blinding, no objective sleep, no sleep-complaint or insomnia population. |
| HD insomnia efficacy | HD-05 establishes objective sleep improvement or treatment efficacy for insomnia. | verified as unsupported | HD-05 | PSQI total interaction was null; participants lacked sleep complaints and no PSG/actigraphy was collected. |
| VeNS route | Bilateral mastoid current can recruit vestibular afferents and produce vestibular reflex/perceptual responses. | verified as convergent review conclusion | VENS-05 | Mostly animal afferent and human functional evidence; a specific sleep device still needs independent target engagement. |
| VeNS selectivity | A gentle sway sensation proves selective vestibular-nerve recruitment. | verified as unsupported | VENS-01-VENS-03, VENS-05 | Skin, other cranial/peripheral pathways, expectation and complete head-current path remain; no VEMP/eye-movement engagement in sleep trials. |
| VeNS PSG | `0.5 Hz`, `100-500 uA peak`, one-hour mastoid stimulation improved phase-advance PSG sleep onset overall. | verified as unsupported | VENS-01 | Primary LPS and other PSG outcomes were null overall; only a post-hoc MSLT-defined subgroup was positive. |
| VeNS sensory control | No-current or brief-ramp sham was fully sensation matched. | verified as unsupported | VENS-01-VENS-03 | Active skin/sway sensations and AEs differed in VENS-01; guesses/control sensations remained imperfect or incompletely assessed. |
| VeNS home symptom | Four-week `0.25 Hz` Modius use produced a modest age-adjusted ISI advantage over brief active sham. | verified self-report trial observation | VENS-02 | `2.26`-point group difference and small effect; PSQI/global and responder proportion were null. |
| VeNS protocol identity | VENS-02 and VENS-03 independently replicate the same Modius electrical dose. | verified as unsupported | VENS-02, VENS-03 | Active frequency is reported as `0.25 Hz` versus maximum `1 mA at 100 Hz`; populations/schedules and retained dose data also differ. |
| VeNS follow-up | Hong Kong trial showed ISI differences immediately and at three months, but not one month. | verified non-monotonic self-report result | VENS-03 | Small single-site sample, no confirmed chronic insomnia, no objective sleep and active level not analyzed. |
| VeNS PSQI | Repeated VeNS consistently improves global sleep quality. | verified as unsupported | VENS-02, VENS-03 | Global PSQI comparisons were not significant in either trial. |
| Vestibular review | Eight of eleven positive sleep studies establish electrical VeNS efficacy. | verified as unsupported | VENS-04 | Nine of 12 included studies used mechanical stimulation; vote counting and heterogeneous outcomes cannot transfer to electrical devices. |
| nGVS default | A proposed reproducible starting point is bilateral bipolar mastoids, `1.75-10 cm2`, zero-mean Gaussian `0-30 Hz`, `100-400 uA` subsensory dose and task-matched epochs. | verified as narrative recommendation | VENS-05 | Healthy balance/reflex literature, not validated optimal sleep or clinical protocol. |
| nGVS dose | More random-noise current necessarily produces more vestibular benefit. | verified as unsupported | VENS-05 | Stochastic-resonance-like response is participant/task dependent, often inverted-U-like and includes nonresponders. |
| VeNS sleep status | Current evidence supports patient-reported insomnia signals but not objective sleep restoration or a verified vestibular sleep mechanism. | inferred | VENS-01-VENS-05 | One objective PSG trial was null overall; later product trials were subjective and industry funded. |
| eTNS route | Forehead, infraorbital and mandibular montages target different trigeminal branches and are not one interchangeable dose. | verified anatomical/protocol distinction | ETNS-02, ETNS-04, ETNS-06 | Each still requires direct recruitment and sensory-path validation. |
| eTNS sleep frequency | In 20 healthy adults, 120 Hz mainly changed efficiency/latency/N2 while 2 Hz mainly changed N3/SO coupling measures. | verified preliminary PSG observation | ETNS-02 | Actual mA absent, many endpoints, no patient/next-day outcome, artifact and micro-arousal not independently excluded. |
| eTNS optimal frequency | ETNS-02 establishes one universally superior sleep frequency. | verified as unsupported | ETNS-02 | Frequencies affected different and partly conflicting endpoints; no clinical hierarchy was prespecified. |
| eTNS ERP | Twenty-minute bilateral infraorbital 120 Hz eTNS altered oddball and paired-click ERPs. | verified as unsupported | ETNS-04 | P200/P300 and P50/N100/P200 outcomes were null versus sham. |
| eTNS EEG engagement | Mandibular eTNS evoked bilateral/frontal EEG responses distinguishable from median-nerve control. | verified healthy physiology | ETNS-06 | Facial sensation, artifact and pathway specificity remain; LC was not measured. |
| eTNS parameter response | Highest carrier frequency produces the strongest response on every EEG endpoint. | verified as unsupported | ETNS-06 | 1500 Hz favored selected EPs, 500 Hz favored PSD, and 3000 Hz showed saturation/reduction. |
| eTNS clinical corpus | Existing eTNS clinical evidence is heterogeneous and dominated by migraine, with frequent blinding/reporting risk. | verified systematic-review conclusion | ETNS-05 | Does not establish insomnia efficacy or a unified mechanism. |
| tcVNS route | Cervical stimulation exposes vagal afferent/efferent fibers together with skin, muscle and other cervical nerves. | verified protocol/anatomical boundary | TCVNS-01-TCVNS-03 | None directly recorded selective vagal recruitment. |
| tcVNS motor physiology | Bilateral `2.5-3.0 mA`, nominal 50-Hz interference neck stimulation changed MEP amplitude and latency. | verified acute observation | TCVNS-01 | Young healthy sample, weak sham masking, no pathway biomarker or clinical outcome. |
| tcVNS sensory performance | Continuous left-cervical 30-Hz biphasic stimulation improved selected auditory/visual thresholds. | verified pilot observation | TCVNS-02 | Three `n=12` experiments, comparator-dependent results and no LC biomarker. |
| tcVNS learning/sleep | Four-day gammaCore stimulation improved learning, retention, vigilance or reported sleep. | verified as unsupported | TCVNS-03 | All were null; higher intensity had an exploratory adverse association with accuracy. |
| tcVNS engagement | Visible lip pull proves vagal afferent engagement. | verified as unsupported | TCVNS-03 | It reflects adjacent motor-nerve recruitment and diffuse neck exposure. |
| tPCS identity | Random `6-10 Hz` quadratic biphasic ear-clip tPCS is physiologically interchangeable with tDCS/tACS/tRNS/CES. | verified as unsupported | TPCS-01 | Waveform, route and post-qEEG signature differ; regulatory CES identity is separate. |
| tACS insomnia HD | Ten daytime sessions of medial-parietal `10 Hz`, `+/-2 mA` 4x1 HD-tACS produced a large PSQI response difference. | verified single-trial self-report | TACS-NEW-01 | No PSG/actigraphy or online entrainment; very low sham response and model-only targeting. |
| tACS insomnia high-current | `15 mA / 77.5 Hz` forehead-mastoid stimulation produced a 2.61-point PSQI advantage. | verified single-trial self-report | TACS-NEW-02 | No-current control, guess results absent, no objective sleep or field/engagement measurement. |
| tACS class equivalence | TACS-NEW-01 and TACS-NEW-02 test one mechanism-homogeneous tACS intervention. | verified as unsupported | TACS-NEW-01, TACS-NEW-02 | Current, waveform, montage and likely peripheral exposure differ markedly. |
| tACS insomnia meta-analysis | Current pooled evidence establishes objective sleep restoration. | verified as unsupported | TACS-NEW-03 | Outcomes were subjective, key heterogeneity exceeded 90% and reporting had internal inconsistencies. |
| rTMS insomnia synthesis | Earlier reviews found large PSQI signals and some objective benefits. | verified heterogeneous synthesis | RTMS-01, RTMS-03, RTMS-04 | High heterogeneity, publication bias, variable targets/doses and imperfect coil sham. |
| rTMS placebo | Sham-related change is large in the primary-insomnia rTMS literature. | verified synthesis warning | RTMS-03 | The reported 73.5% assumes additive active/context effects and is not a causal decomposition. |
| rTMS DMPFC trial | Adjunctive left DMPFC 1-Hz rTMS outperformed placebo coil on PSG and PSQI. | verified as unsupported | RTMS-02 | PSQI was similar and adjusted SOL/SE favored sham; active WASO change was within-group. |
| TES umbrella | Pooling CES, tDCS and related currents under TES establishes a unified mechanism. | verified as unsupported | RTMS-04 | It is a review/search umbrella; scientific and regulatory classification remain protocol-specific. |